Thomas Hobbes "offered a straight forward, top-down approach to governing human society, based on 'universal truths.'" Sheng and Geng argue that model is a poor fit for today's "highly complex global system."
HONG KONG – We live in an age of systemic gridlock, policy chaos, and sudden-shock failures. How is it possible that Afghan security forces — built and trained by the United States military at a cost of $83 billion over two decades — succumbed to a militia of fighters in pickup trucks in a mere 11 days? How could America’s best and brightest intelligence experts and military leaders have failed to foresee that the rapid withdrawal of U.S. air support and reconnaissance would spell disaster for Afghanistan, and plan their retreat accordingly? Are these not examples of systemic failure?
Look at almost any crisis, and you will see multiple causes and drivers. That is as true for the situation in Afghanistan as it is for the COVID-19 pandemic — another multi-dimensional crisis for which there is no silver-bullet solution. Even carefully designed policies, motivated by the best of intentions, can fail to have the intended effect — and often exacerbate problems in unexpected
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For years, Amazon recruited Chinese sellers aggressively, profiting handsomely from the surge in product offerings and low prices. But many Chinese sellers' bad practices — from selling counterfeits to manipulating reviews — now have the e-commerce giant on the defensive.
